The gingiva, or gums, play a crucial role in maintaining oral health by acting as a protective barrier for underlying tissues and supporting teeth. Gingival health is influenced by multiple factors, including microbial activity, host immune response, and mechanical stress from mastication or improper oral hygiene. The primary concern in gingival health is inflammation, often triggered by bacterial plaque biofilms, leading to conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis. These conditions are characterized by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade connective tissue and bone if untreated. Maintaining optimal gingival health requires a balance between effective plaque control and modulation of the host’s inflammatory response. Advanced diagnostics, such as biomarker analysis and histological evaluations, are integral to understanding gingival health and the efficacy of oral care products, offering pathways for innovation in preventive and therapeutic solutions.